Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit intriguing luminescent properties, rendering them valuable assets in diverse fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and therapeutics. Despite this, the potential toxicological effects of UCNPs necessitate comprehensive investigation to ensure their safe utilization. This review aims to present a systematic an

Titanium sputtering is a widely utilized process for producing high-performance coatings across various industries. The procedure entails a high-powered magnetic field to eject titanium atoms from a target, which then deposit onto a substrate surface. The resulting layer exhibits remarkable properties such as excellent adhesion, enhanced durability